Since somebody’s asked, today I’m going to show you exactly how Friday’s Girls Aloud video was produced. It’s going to get technical though, folks, so buckle up. Or alternatively, look at this nice little picture and wait for the next instalment of the Complete Guide.

Ingredients:
Girls Aloud - Something Kinda Ooh.avi - 3:13, 640×352, 25 frames per second
Goldwave
VirtualDub
BMP2SCR Pro v2.01
Gasman’s Samplepack code
Pasmo assembler
BAS2TAP

So, we start out with a video that I sadly can’t legally upload to the website - it’s a 52MB video file, 640×352 resolution, 25 frames per second and 3:13 long. You can use whatever you like in its place though, since the process would be the same up until the programming part. Anyway, as lovely as this video is, all compressed and filled with sound, it’s not going to be much use. Step one is to get ahold of the audio data - load the video into Goldwave, and save out a .RAW file - 11025Hz, 8-bit mono.

Now we need to change the resolution of the video, so we take our starting video and load it up in VirtualDub. To change the resolution, click Video->Filters->Add Filter, then pick resize and hit OK. Set the New Size to 256 Absolute horizontal pixels, and let VirtualDub pick the vertical height. Under framing options, pick Letterbox/crop to size and set the resolution to 256×192 and hit OK, then OK again to get back to the main VirtualDub window. Click Audio and set the output to No Audio. Finally, click File->Save as AVI.

So, we’ve now got our two separate data streams. Let’s take care of the video first, since that’s pretty straightforward. Load up BMP2SCR, and through that our VirtualDub converted video. Then we pick the output (I used Colour OrdDith) and under Options we need to set it to ‘TAP stream/Delta’. We’re not going to use compression or anything, because I don’t know how it works, and besides - it’s processing time that’ll be our problem later, not file size! Click on ‘Start Converting’, and then go and read over the Complete Guide and maybe some back issues of YS3 - this is going to take a while.

When you come back, you should find yourself with a rather hefty .TAP file full of SCREEN$s. Hurrah! That’s the video done, now it’s just the audio. And this is where it gets really hairy, so put on your wellies and prepare to wade through some terrible, terrible code…

Gasman’s sampling code is in Perl, and is really quite clever. However, it only outputs one file. One sample, one file, and that’s it. We need a separate chunk of audio for each frame. We take the number of frames that BMP2SCR tells us it’s processed (4838 in our case) and divide the total size of our raw audio file by that. 2,138,399 divided by 4838 gives us 442. For some reason I’ve now forgotten (or possibly a calculation error) I’m going to divide that by two for 221 bytes per frame. Then we modify Gasman’s code to this:

#!/usr/bin/perl -w
# convert 8-bit unsigned sample to AY levels

binmode STDIN;
binmode STDOUT;

	$count	= 1024;
	$fc		= -1;
	$alt = 0;

while (!eof(STDIN)) {

	read(STDIN, $b, 1);
	$b = ord($b);
	if ($b < 2) {$lo = 0;}
	elsif ($b < 5) {$lo = 1;}
	elsif ($b < 7) {$lo = 2;}
	elsif ($b < 10) {$lo = 3;}
	elsif ($b < 14) {$lo = 4;}
	elsif ($b < 19) {$lo = 5;}
	elsif ($b < 29) {$lo = 6;}
	elsif ($b < 40) {$lo = 7;}
	elsif ($b < 56) {$lo = 8;}
	elsif ($b < 80) {$lo = 9;}
	elsif ($b < 103) {$lo = 10;}
	elsif ($b < 131) {$lo = 11;}
	elsif ($b < 161) {$lo = 12;}
	elsif ($b < 197) {$lo = 13;}
	elsif ($b < 236) {$lo = 14;}
	else {$lo = 15;}

	read(STDIN, $b, 1);
	$b = ord($b);
	if ($b < 2) {$hi = 0;}
	elsif ($b < 5) {$hi = 1;}
	elsif ($b < 7) {$hi = 2;}
	elsif ($b < 10) {$hi = 3;}
	elsif ($b < 14) {$hi = 4;}
	elsif ($b < 19) {$hi = 5;}
	elsif ($b < 29) {$hi = 6;}
	elsif ($b < 40) {$hi = 7;}
	elsif ($b < 56) {$hi = 8;}
	elsif ($b < 80) {$hi = 9;}
	elsif ($b < 103) {$hi = 10;}
	elsif ($b < 131) {$hi = 11;}
	elsif ($b < 161) {$hi = 12;}
	elsif ($b < 197) {$hi = 13;}
	elsif ($b < 236) {$hi = 14;}
	else {$hi = 15;}

	if($count>=221) {
		close A;
		$fc++;
		open(A, “> output/raw_$fc.ay”);
		binmode(A);
		$count = 0;
	}
	print A chr(($hi < < 4) + $lo);
	$count++;
}

Anyway on the command line, we enter:

perl sam2ay.pl < zx_ga_sko.raw

This gives us a huge number of .AY files in the ‘output’ directory. (Or nothing at all if the directory doesn’t exist. Make one and try it again!) Now all we need is some way to merge our audio with our screens. It turns out that Perl is quite horrible for doing this sort of thing, so we’ll go with C for this one:

#include < stdio.h >
#include < stdlib.h >
#include < string.h >

/* INJECTA by Nathan Cross ‘08
** inject sound into bottom couple of character rows of a bmp2scr video,
** specifically Girls Aloud’s ‘Something Kinda Oooh’. Yes, really. */

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{

	FILE *vid;
	FILE *snd;
	FILE *out;

	int fc			= 0;
	unsigned char checksum	= 0;
	unsigned char flags;
	unsigned char buffer;
	unsigned char bigbuf[32];
	char string[256];
	char number[256];
	int addr;
	int xctr,tctr;

	unsigned char databuffer[6144];
	int ctr;
	int total;

	printf(”Startedn”);

	vid = fopen(”video\zx_ga_sko.tap”, “rb”);
	out = fopen(”video\output.tap”, “wb”);

	if(vid==NULL) {
		printf(”Couldn’t open vidn”);
	}
	if(out==NULL) {
		printf(”Couldn’t open outn”);
	}
	while(fc < 4838) { // 4838

/*	# 6937 intervals
	#  6912 bytes of data
	#  4 bytes of checksum (6916, leaves 21 for header info)
	#  Our sound data goes in at 5632 from the data block, which is 5636 bytes from the start of the data
	# 6421 is 6937-4-512
	# Checksum needs to be from byte 18 in onward, all XORed...
	# 19+5632 = 5651
*/
		total = 0;
		// Copy header
		fread(&bigbuf, 1, 23, vid);
		fwrite(&bigbuf, 1, 23, out);
		total+=23;

		// Copy flags
		fread(&flags, 1, 1, vid);
		fwrite(&flags, 1, 1, out);
		total++;

	// Set checksum
		checksum	= flags;
	// Read pixel data
		for(ctr=0; ctr<6144; ctr++) {
			fread(&databuffer[ctr], 1, 1, vid);
		}

	// Read and add sound data to pixel data
		strcpy(string, "output\raw_");
		itoa(fc, number, 10);
		strcat(string, number);
		strcat(string, ".ay");
		snd = fopen(string, "rb");
		addr = 4288;
		xctr = 0;
		for(tctr=0;tctr<221;tctr++) {
			fread(&buffer, 1, 1, snd);
			databuffer[addr] = buffer;
			addr++;
			xctr++;
			if(xctr==64) {
				xctr=0;
				addr+=192;
			}
		}
		fclose(snd);

	// Write updated screen pixel data
		for(ctr=0; ctr<6144; ctr++) {
			fwrite(&databuffer[ctr], 1, 1, out);
			total++;
			checksum ^= databuffer[ctr];
		}

	// Copy attribute data
		for(ctr=0; ctr<6848-6144; ctr++) {
			fread(&buffer, 1, 1, vid);
			checksum ^= buffer;
			fwrite(&buffer, 1, 1, out);
			total++;
		}
	// Black out the bottom two lines of attribute data
		for(ctr=0; ctr<6912-6848; ctr++) {
			fread(&buffer, 1, 1, vid);
			buffer = 0;
			fwrite(&buffer, 1, 1, out);
			checksum ^= buffer;
			total++;
		}

		// Now to output the checksum and hope it's right.
		fread(&buffer, 1, 1, vid);
		fwrite(&checksum, 1, 1, out);
		total++;
//		if(checksum != buffer) {
//			printf("Loop %i: checksum is %i, buffer is %in", fc, checksum, buffer);
//		}
		if(total!=6937) {
			printf("Total is %in",total);
		}
		fc++;
	}

	fclose(out);
	fclose(vid);

// Temp: audio is at 22016, 221 bytes long
    return 0;
}

Compile and run this, and it’ll take that big fat .TAP full of screens, and those four thousand odd .AY files, and seamlessly blend the two into a file called ‘output.tap’. You’ll need to change the filenames and things when you do it so that it loads in your .TAP full of screens rather than mine, but at least the hard parts been done for you. Injecta places the 221 bytes of audio data below the picture, in those couple of rows of letterboxing. If the file wasn’t a letterboxed one, then it wouldn’t work. Also, the audio data is split into four chunks; three of 64 bytes and a final 29 byte chunk.

All we need now is some player code. Gasman’s code is again the basis for this, but with a little bit of support code around it to keep it well-fed with our now slightly carved up data. On to our third language of the day with a spot of Z80 assembly…

; sample player
; need 317 tstates per sample

	org 32768

init_ay
	ld a,7			; set bits 0-5 of AY register 7 so that all channels are fixed at 'high'
	ld bc,0xfffd	; output - this way the AY is not generating waveforms of its own, and
	out (c),a		; varying the volume (channels 8/9/10) creates our own wave output instead
	ld a,63
	ld b,0xbf
	out (c),a

main_loop
	ld ix, 60000
	ld de, 17
	ld a, 00
	scf
	call 0x0556		; load header of next screen

	ld ix, 16384
	ld de, 6912
	ld a, 255
	scf
	call 0x0556		; load next screen

	ld b, 255

	di
	ld hl, 20672
	ld bc, 64
	call samplelp

	ld hl, 20928
	ld bc, 64
	call samplelp

	ld hl, 21184
	ld bc, 64
	call samplelp

	ld hl, 21440
	ld bc, 29
	call samplelp

;	ei
	jp main_loop
	ret

samplelp
	push bc		; 11

	; get low 4 bits to use as the first volume level
	ld a,(hl)	; 7
	and 0x0f	; 7

	; delay 117ish tstates
	ld b,8		; 7
zzz2	djnz zzz2

	; output that volume level to channels 8/9/10
	ld bc,0xfffd	; 10
	ld d,8		; 7
	out (c),d	; 12
	ld b,0xbf	; 7
	out (c),a	; 12
	inc d		; 4
	ld b,0xff	; 7
	out (c),d	; 12
	ld b,0xbf	; 7
	out (c),a	; 12
	inc d		; 4
	ld b,0xff	; 7
	out (c),d	; 12
	ld b,0xbf	; 7
	out (c),a	; 12

	; get the next volume level from the high 4 bits
	ld a,(hl)	; 7	; start tstate count here
	srl a		; 8
	srl a		; 8
	srl a		; 8
	srl a		; 8

	; delay 152ish tstates
	ld b,11		; 7 (orignally 11)
zzz1	djnz zzz1
				; 8

	; output that volume level to channels 8/9/10
	ld b,0xff	; 7
	ld d,8		; 7
	out (c),d	; 12
	ld b,0xbf	; 7
	out (c),a	; 12
	inc d		; 4
	ld b,0xff	; 7
	out (c),d	; 12
	ld b,0xbf	; 7
	out (c),a	; 12
	inc d		; 4
	ld b,0xff	; 7
	out (c),d	; 12
	ld b,0xbf	; 4
	out (c),a	; 12

	; move on to next byte
	inc hl		; 6

	; loop if we haven't reached the end of the sample
	pop bc		; 11
	dec bc		; 6
	ld a,b		; 4
	or c		; 4
	jr nz,samplelp	; 12

	ret

Assemble with pasmo --tap --name player player.asm player.bin.tap and it’s all over bar the shouting. Make a little Basic loader with BAS2TAP, copy the three .TAP files together (Basic loader, the player, and Injecta’s output) and you’re all done. It’ll only run properly on Fuse at the moment, but I’m sure somebody’ll beat me to having it work on a +3e fairly soon.

Finally, here’s the files above to save you cutting and pasting:
My modified sam2ay.pl
Injecta source/Windows application
My modified player code
The final .TAP file - works on Fuse only!

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This entry was posted on Monday, February 4th, 2008 at 3:49 pm and is filed under Assembly, C, Perl, Programming, Technology Abuse, Nicola Roberts, Popstrel Hotties, Sinclair. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.